Ada 제네릭 프로그래밍 ── 타입으로 계약을 작성하고 재사용을 제로 코스트로 실현하기

generic
   type Element is private;
procedure Generic_Swap (A, B : in out Element);

procedure Swap_Integer is new Generic_Swap (Integer);

generic
   type Element is private;
procedure Generic_Swap (A, B : in out Element);

procedure Generic_Swap (A, B : in out Element) is
   Temp : constant Element := A;
begin
   A := B;
   B := Temp;
end Generic_Swap;

procedure Swap_Int  is new Generic_Swap (Integer);
procedure Swap_Char is new Generic_Swap (Character);

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Swap_Demo is
   generic
      type Element is private;
   procedure Generic_Swap (A, B : in out Element);

   procedure Generic_Swap (A, B : in out Element) is
      Temp : constant Element := A;
   begin
      A := B;
      B := Temp;
   end Generic_Swap;

   procedure Swap_Int is new Generic_Swap (Integer);

   X : Integer := 10;
   Y : Integer := 20;
begin
   Put_Line ("Before: X=" & Integer'Image (X) & ", Y=" & Integer'Image (Y));
   Swap_Int (X, Y);
   Put_Line ("After : X=" & Integer'Image (X) & ", Y=" & Integer'Image (Y));
end Swap_Demo;

generic
   type Element_Type is private;
   Max_Size : Positive;
package Generic_Stack is
   procedure Push (Item : Element_Type);
   function Pop return Element_Type;
   function Is_Empty return Boolean;
   function Is_Full  return Boolean;
   function Size return Natural;

   Stack_Overflow  : exception;
   Stack_Underflow : exception;
end Generic_Stack;

package body Generic_Stack is
   subtype Index_Type is Positive range 1 .. Max_Size;
   type Storage_Type is array (Index_Type) of Element_Type;

   Data : Storage_Type;
   Top  : Natural := 0;

   procedure Push (Item : Element_Type) is
   begin
      if Top = Max_Size then
         raise Stack_Overflow;
      end if;

      Top := Top + 1;
      Data (Top) := Item;
   end Push;

   function Pop return Element_Type is
      Result : Element_Type;
   begin
      if Top = 0 then
         raise Stack_Underflow;
      end if;

      Result := Data (Top);
      Top := Top - 1;
      return Result;
   end Pop;

   function Is_Empty return Boolean is
   begin
      return Top = 0;
   end Is_Empty;

   function Is_Full return Boolean is
   begin
      return Top = Max_Size;
   end Is_Full;

   function Size return Natural is
   begin
      return Top;
   end Size;
end Generic_Stack;

package Int_Stack   is new Generic_Stack (Integer, 5);
package Float_Stack is new Generic_Stack (Float,   3);

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

procedure Stack_Demo is
   generic
      type Element_Type is private;
      Max_Size : Positive;
   package Generic_Stack is
      procedure Push (Item : Element_Type);
      function Pop return Element_Type;
      function Is_Empty return Boolean;
      function Is_Full  return Boolean;
      function Size return Natural;
      Stack_Overflow  : exception;
      Stack_Underflow : exception;
   end Generic_Stack;

   package body Generic_Stack is
      subtype Index_Type is Positive range 1 .. Max_Size;
      type Storage_Type is array (Index_Type) of Element_Type;

      Data : Storage_Type;
      Top  : Natural := 0;

      procedure Push (Item : Element_Type) is
      begin
         if Top = Max_Size then
            raise Stack_Overflow;
         end if;

         Top := Top + 1;
         Data (Top) := Item;
      end Push;

      function Pop return Element_Type is
         Result : Element_Type;
      begin
         if Top = 0 then
            raise Stack_Underflow;
         end if;

         Result := Data (Top);
         Top := Top - 1;
         return Result;
      end Pop;

      function Is_Empty return Boolean is (Top = 0);
      function Is_Full  return Boolean is (Top = Max_Size);
      function Size     return Natural is (Top);
   end Generic_Stack;

   package Int_Stack is new Generic_Stack (Integer, 5);
begin
   Int_Stack.Push (10);
   Int_Stack.Push (20);
   Int_Stack.Push (30);

   Put_Line ("Size=" & Natural'Image (Int_Stack.Size));
   Put_Line ("Pop =" & Integer'Image (Int_Stack.Pop));
   Put_Line ("Pop =" & Integer'Image (Int_Stack.Pop));
   Put_Line ("Size=" & Natural'Image (Int_Stack.Size));
end Stack_Demo;

generic
   type Item_Type is private;
   type Index is (<>);
   type Item_Array is array (Index range <>) of Item_Type;
   with function "<" (Left, Right : Item_Type) return Boolean is <>;
procedure Generic_Insertion_Sort (Items : in out Item_Array);

procedure Generic_Insertion_Sort (Items : in out Item_Array) is
   J   : Index;
   Key : Item_Type;
begin
   if Items'Length <= 1 then
      return;
   end if;

   for I in Index'Succ (Items'First) .. Items'Last loop
      Key := Items (I);
      J := I;

      while J > Items'First and then Key < Items (Index'Pred (J)) loop
         Items (J) := Items (Index'Pred (J));
         J := Index'Pred (J);
      end loop;

      Items (J) := Key;
   end loop;
end Generic_Insertion_Sort;

type Int_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Integer;

procedure Sort_Asc is new Generic_Insertion_Sort
  (Item_Type  => Integer,
   Index      => Positive,
   Item_Array => Int_Array);

function Greater (Left, Right : Integer) return Boolean is
  (Left > Right);

procedure Sort_Desc is new Generic_Insertion_Sort
  (Item_Type  => Integer,
   Index      => Positive,
   Item_Array => Int_Array,
   "<"        => Greater);

generic
   type Real is digits <>;
   type Real_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Real;
package Generic_Statistics is
   function Mean (Values : Real_Array) return Real;
   function Variance (Values : Real_Array) return Real;
end Generic_Statistics;

package body Generic_Statistics is
   function Mean (Values : Real_Array) return Real is
      Sum : Real := 0.0;
   begin
      if Values'Length = 0 then
         return 0.0;
      end if;

      for V of Values loop
         Sum := Sum + V;
      end loop;

      return Sum / Real (Values'Length);
   end Mean;

   function Variance (Values : Real_Array) return Real is
      M   : constant Real := Mean (Values);
      Sum : Real := 0.0;
   begin
      if Values'Length = 0 then
         return 0.0;
      end if;

      for V of Values loop
         declare
            D : constant Real := V - M;
         begin
            Sum := Sum + D * D;
         end;
      end loop;

      return Sum / Real (Values'Length);
   end Variance;
end Generic_Statistics;

type Float_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Float;
type Long_Array  is array (Positive range <>) of Long_Float;

package Float_Stats is new Generic_Statistics (Float, Float_Array);
package Long_Stats  is new Generic_Statistics (Long_Float, Long_Array);

generic
   type Element is private;
   type Index is (<>);
   type Array_Type is array (Index range <>) of Element;
   with function Predicate (Item : Element) return Boolean;
function Generic_Count_If (Arr : Array_Type) return Natural;

function Generic_Count_If (Arr : Array_Type) return Natural is
   Count : Natural := 0;
begin
   for Item of Arr loop
      if Predicate (Item) then
         Count := Count + 1;
      end if;
   end loop;

   return Count;
end Generic_Count_If;

type Int_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Integer;

function Is_Even (N : Integer) return Boolean is
  (N mod 2 = 0);

function Is_Large (N : Integer) return Boolean is
  (N > 50);

function Count_Even is new Generic_Count_If
  (Element    => Integer,
   Index      => Positive,
   Array_Type => Int_Array,
   Predicate  => Is_Even);

function Count_Large is new Generic_Count_If
  (Element    => Integer,
   Index      => Positive,
   Array_Type => Int_Array,
   Predicate  => Is_Large);

generic
   type Key_Type is private;
   type Value_Type is private;
   with function "=" (Left, Right : Key_Type) return Boolean is <>;
   Max_Entries : Positive := 50;
package Generic_KV_Store is
   procedure Put (Key : Key_Type; Val : Value_Type);
   function Get (Key : Key_Type) return Value_Type;
   function Contains (Key : Key_Type) return Boolean;

   Key_Not_Found : exception;
   Store_Full    : exception;
end Generic_KV_Store;

package body Generic_KV_Store is
   subtype Index_Type is Positive range 1 .. Max_Entries;

   type Key_Array   is array (Index_Type) of Key_Type;
   type Value_Array is array (Index_Type) of Value_Type;
   type Used_Array  is array (Index_Type) of Boolean;

   Keys   : Key_Array;
   Values : Value_Array;
   Used   : Used_Array := (others => False);

   function Find_Index (Key : Key_Type) return Natural is
   begin
      for I in Index_Type loop
         if Used (I) and then Keys (I) = Key then
            return I;
         end if;
      end loop;

      return 0;
   end Find_Index;

   function Find_Free return Natural is
   begin
      for I in Index_Type loop
         if not Used (I) then
            return I;
         end if;
      end loop;

      return 0;
   end Find_Free;

   procedure Put (Key : Key_Type; Val : Value_Type) is
      Pos : Natural := Find_Index (Key);
   begin
      if Pos = 0 then
         Pos := Find_Free;

         if Pos = 0 then
            raise Store_Full;
         end if;

         Used (Pos) := True;
         Keys (Pos) := Key;
      end if;

      Values (Pos) := Val;
   end Put;

   function Get (Key : Key_Type) return Value_Type is
      Pos : constant Natural := Find_Index (Key);
   begin
      if Pos = 0 then
         raise Key_Not_Found;
      end if;

      return Values (Pos);
   end Get;

   function Contains (Key : Key_Type) return Boolean is
   begin
      return Find_Index (Key) /= 0;
   end Contains;
end Generic_KV_Store;

with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
use Ada.Strings.Unbounded;

procedure KV_Demo is
   package Int_String_Store is new Generic_KV_Store
     (Key_Type    => Integer,
      Value_Type  => Unbounded_String,
      Max_Entries => 10);
begin
   Int_String_Store.Put (1, To_Unbounded_String ("Ada"));
   Int_String_Store.Put (2, To_Unbounded_String ("SPARK"));

   if Int_String_Store.Contains (1) then
      -- Get (1)로 값을 가져올 수 있다
      null;
   end if;
end KV_Demo;

function Same_Key (Left, Right : Unbounded_String) return Boolean is
  (To_Lower (To_String (Left)) = To_Lower (To_String (Right)));

package String_Key_Store is new Generic_KV_Store
  (Key_Type    => Unbounded_String,
   Value_Type  => Integer,
   "="         => Same_Key,
   Max_Entries => 100);

generic
   with package Stack is new Generic_Stack (<>);
package Generic_Stack_Logger is
   procedure Print_Size;
end Generic_Stack_Logger;

with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

package body Generic_Stack_Logger is
   procedure Print_Size is
   begin
      Put_Line ("Stack size =" & Natural'Image (Stack.Size));
   end Print_Size;
end Generic_Stack_Logger;

package Int_Stack is new Generic_Stack
  (Element_Type => Integer,
   Max_Size     => 10);

package Int_Stack_Logger is new Generic_Stack_Logger
  (Stack => Int_Stack);

-- 읽기 어려워지기 쉬운 예
package X is new Generic_Foo
  (A, B, C, D, E, F, G);

-- 이름 붙은 연관으로 의도를 남긴다
package X is new Generic_Foo
  (Element_Type => Integer,
   Index_Type   => Positive,
   Buffer_Size  => 128,
   "<"          => Less);

generic
   type Element is private;
function Bad_Min (A, B : Element) return Element;

function Bad_Min (A, B : Element) return Element is
begin
   if A < B then      -- 여기서 오류
      return A;
   else
      return B;
   end if;
end Bad_Min;

generic
   type Element is private;
   with function "<" (Left, Right : Element) return Boolean is <>;
function Generic_Min (A, B : Element) return Element;

procedure Sort_By_Age is new Generic_Insertion_Sort
  (Item_Type  => Person,
   Index      => Positive,
   Item_Array => Person_Array,
   "<"        => Younger_Than);

package Int_Stack   is new Generic_Stack (Integer, 5);
package Float_Stack is new Generic_Stack (Float, 3);

generic
   type Resource is limited private;
   with procedure Close (R : in out Resource);
procedure Generic_Use_And_Close (R : in out Resource);

generic
   type Element is private;
   with function "<" (Left, Right : Element) return Boolean is <>;
function Generic_Min (A, B : Element) return Element;

function Generic_Min (A, B : Element) return Element is
begin
   if A < B then
      return A;
   else
      return B;
   end if;
end Generic_Min;

generic
   type Count_Type is range <>;
   Threshold : Count_Type;
function Generic_Is_Over (Value : Count_Type) return Boolean;

function Generic_Is_Over (Value : Count_Type) return Boolean is
begin
   return Value > Threshold;
end Generic_Is_Over;

generic
   type Element is private;
   with procedure Put (Item : Element);
procedure Generic_Print_Twice (Item : Element);

procedure Generic_Print_Twice (Item : Element) is
begin
   Put (Item);
   Put (Item);
end Generic_Print_Twice;

generic
   type Element is private;
   type Index is (<>);
   type Array_Type is array (Index range <>) of Element;
procedure Generic_Clear (Arr : in out Array_Type; Value : Element);